Deep-Sea Mining: U.S.–China Critical Minerals Competition Expands
U.S.–China critical mineral competition may expand into seabed resources and associated supply chains. Deep-sea mining may increase upstream supply, but Chinese dominance in processing means greater mineral access may not immediately reduce downstream dependence.
China’s Critical Mineral Processing Leverage Against Europe
China's announcement that it would impose bans on 14 European companies suggests its leverage of critical mineral sanctions is expanding beyond previous disputes with the U.S. and Japan.